Model A: 🔸 Working memory: this governs our ability to retain and manipulate distinct pieces of information over short periods of time. 🔸 Cognitive flexibility: this helps us to sustain or change our attention in response to different stimuli, or to apply different rules in new circumstances. 🔸 Inhibition control: this allows us to resist impulsive actions.
Model B: 🔸 Planning and decision making: this is the ability to conceptualise, categorise, model, and order steps towards a goal; and to follow these steps in a logical fashion. 🔸 Error correction and troubleshooting: this is the ability to identify the source, location, and form of a conceptual error, and to know how to remedy that error. 🔸 Reactivity to spontaneous / new events: this is the ability to change our responses to different stimuli, or to apply different rules in new circumstances. 🔸 Competence in technically complex situations: this is the ability to function appropriately in situations which involve diverse and detailed differences, and which require sophisticated and knowledgeable responses. 🔸 Overcoming habitual behaviours: this is the ability to mindfully break out of a repeated behaviour, unthinking way of doing something, practised response to a familiar situation, or comfort zone.
Model C: 🔸 Response control: this is the ability to inhibit impulses and control one’s responses to new and unfamiliar stimuli. 🔸 Memory: this is the ability to retain information and sequences in the short term. 🔸 Selective attention: this is the ability to focus on a particular object in a particular environment for a particular period of time. 🔸 Emotion regulation: this is the ability to respond emotionally to situations in a manner that is socially acceptible while permitting, delaying, and self-censoring spontaneous reactions. 🔸 Behaviour inhibition: this relates to the tendency to experience anxiety and to withdraw from unfamiliar situations, people, or environments. 🔸 Reactivity to new events: this is the ability to respond in socially acceptable ways to unfamiliar events and situations.
Model D: 🔸 Problem representation: this is the ability to understand, represent, and articulate challenges to oneself and others. 🔸 Planning and ordering issues: this involves the ability to predict steps in a previously-unseen process, understand the actions needed to undertake those steps, and follow through on the commitments necessary to perform those actions. 🔸 Retention of strategies in short-term memory: this is the memory faculty that enables subjects to instigate and carry out strategies in a coherent and pre-planned manner according to rules. 🔸 Evaluation, error detection, error correction: this is the ability to recognise, conceptually categorise, and understand, errors in a system or process; and then to formulate and carry out strategies to rectify those errors.
Model E: 🔸 Volition: this refers to the ability to generate one’s own goals. 🔸 Planning: this refers to the ability to identify and organize the steps or materials needed for achieving a goal. 🔸 Purposive action: this refers to the subject’s ability to initiate, maintain, switch, and stop sequences of planned actions. 🔸 Effective performance: this refers to one’s ability to notice, monitor, and correct mistakes.
Model F: 🔸 Response execution: this is the ability to select the appropriate response to a given stimulus, and carry out that response according to one’s own selective criteria. 🔸 Memory retrieval: this refers to the consistent re-accessing of events or information from the past that has previously been stored and encoded in the brain. 🔸 Emotional evaluation: this refers to a measure that assesses an evaluation of an individual when experiencing various core emotions. It may include emotional self-awareness and self-evaluation.
Model G: 🔸 Updating: this refers to the continuous monitoring and quick addition or deletion of contents within one’s working memory. 🔸 Inhibition: this refers to one’s ability to override or supplant certain powerful responses and reactions in a given situation. 🔸 Shifting: this refers to one’s cognitive flexibility in switching between different tasks or mental states.
Model H: 🔸 Inhibition: this refers to the level and controllability of one’s tendency to ignore distractions, resist temptations, and delay actions. 🔸 Non-verbal working memory: this is the ability to keep non-verbal (pictoral, auditory, emotional, etc) information in mind over a short period, and then recall it at approrpiate times. 🔸 Verbal working memory: this is the ability to keep verbal information in mind over a short period, and then recall it at appropriate times. 🔸 Emotional self-regulation: this is the ability to respond emotionally to situations in a manner that is socially acceptible while permitting, delaying, and self-censoring spontaneous reactions. 🔸 Self-motivation: this is the desire to keep moving – an internal drive to achieve, produce, develop, and keep being productive. 🔸 Planning and problem solving: this refers to the ability to determine a sequence of actions that are designed to achieve a particular objective, and then formulating a workable plan that facilitates these actions.
